The powerful explosive eruptions with large volumes of volcanic ash pose a great danger to the population and jet aircraft. Global experience in monitoring volcanoes and observing changes in the parameters of their thermal anomalies is successfully used to analyze the activity of volcanoes and predict their danger to the population. The Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, with its 30 active volcanoes, is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. The article considers the thermal activity in 2015–2022 of the Klyuchevskoy, Sheveluch, Bezymianny, and Karymsky volcanoes, whose rock composition varies from basaltic andesite to dacite. This study is based on the analysis of the Value of Temperature Difference between the thermal Anomaly and the Background (the VTDAB), obtained by manual processing of the AVHRR, MODIS, VIIRS, and MSU-MR satellite data in the VolSatView information system. Based on the VTDAB data, the following “background activity of the volcanoes” was determined: 20 °C for Sheveluch and Bezymianny, 12 °C for Klyuchevskoy, and 13–15 °C for Karymsky. This study showed that the highest temperature of the thermal anomaly corresponds to the juvenile magmatic material that arrived on the earth’s surface. The highest VTDAB is different for each volcano; it depends on the composition of the eruptive products produced by the volcano and on the character of an eruption. A joint analysis of the dynamics of the eruption of each volcano and changes in its thermal activity made it possible to determine the range of the VTDAB for different phases of a volcanic eruption.

One of the most important tasks when studying volcanic activity is to monitor their thermal radiation. To fix and assess the evolution of thermal anomalies in areas of volcanoes, specialized hardware-thermal imagers are usually used, as well as specialized instruments of modern satellite systems. The data obtained with their help contain information that makes it relatively easy to track changes in temperature and the size of a thermal anomaly. At the same time, due to the high cost of such complexes and other limitations, thermal imagers sometimes cannot be used to solve scientific problems related to the study of volcanoes. In the current paper, day/night video cameras with an infrared-cut filter are considered as an alternative to specialized tools for monitoring volcanoes’ thermal activity. In the daytime, a camera operated in the visible range, and at night the filter was removed, increasing the camera’s light sensitivity by allowing near-infrared light to hit the sensor. In that mode, a visible thermal anomaly could be registered on images, as well as other bright glows, flares, and other artifacts. The purpose of this study is to detect thermal anomalies on night images, separate them from other bright areas, and find their characteristics, which could be used for volcano activity monitoring. Using the image archive of the Sheveluch volcano as an example, this article presents the results of developing a computer algorithm that makes it possible to find and classify thermal anomalies on video frames with an accuracy of 98%. The test results are presented, along with their validation based on thermal activity data obtained from satellite systems.

This is the first petrophysical study of extrusive rocks (dacites to andesites) discharged by Bezymianny Volcano. We provide a comparative description of properties for extrusive rocks in accordance with identified age groups. We show the dynamics in the variation of extrusive rock properties in relation to their ages, with the result that the older a rock the higher are its density, strength, and elastic parameters. Rocks petrophysical features are compared between extrusive domes and lava flows. We argue for petrophysical properties to be applicable for deriving more accurate results for the genesis of rocks having similar petrophysical properties, in particular, rocks of extrusive and effusive origin.