Реконструированы и датированы 14С-методом четыре плинианских извержения вулкана Ксудач, сформировавших три кальдеры обрушения: KCi и кальдеру V - 1700-1800 л. н.; КС2 + КС3 и кальдеру IV - 6000-6100 л. н.; КС4 и кальдеру III 8700-8800 л. н. Самым мощным было извержение KCi: 18-19 км3 пирокластики, высота эруптивной колонны до 23 км. Объем продуктов извержений КС2 + КС3 - 10-11 км3, КС4 - не менее 1,5-1,7 км3. Размеры кальдер: V - 4 X 6,5 км, IV - 5x6 км, поперечь III - предположительно 2-3 км. Вынос ювенильной пирокластики в ходе извержений было ритмичным. Каждый ритм начинался выбросом тефры, а завершался формированием пирокластических потоков. Состав продуктов варьировал от андезитов до риодацитов: КС2 и КС4 - преимущественно андезиты, КС3 - дациты и риодациты, KCi - риодацит. Предполагается, что "спусковой механизм" для начала всех кальдерообразующих извержений - внедрение свежей сильно нагретой магмы основного состава и смешение ее с остывающей кислой магмой существовавшего ранее очага. В соответствии со своими масштабами извержения должны были оказать влияние на климат и озоновый слой 3емли и найти отражение в виде кислотных пиков в Гренландском ледниковом щите.

Remnants of five catastrophic lahars have been discovered, described, and dated by the carbon-14 method. They occurred during eruptions of Avacha (violent explosions with voluminous juvenile pyroclastics) and Koryakskiy (large fissure lava flows): 3500 to 3200 14C years ago or 1900-1500 years B.C. These lahars were much higher in vigor, hazard, and effect on the environment than the lahars generated by the historic eruptions of these volcanoes. -from Journal summary

The paper continues the series of papers that describe activity of the volcanoes of Northern group of Kamchatka since 1935. Activity of Kluchevskoy, Bezymianny and Shiveluch volcanoes in 1990—1992 is described.

The explosive-effusive eruption of 1895-1896 which has been supposed to occur on Koryakskiy Volcano, Kamchatka did not occur at all. It therefore is to be eliminated from the list of the volcano's eruptions, as well as from regional and worldwide catalogs of eruptions on active volcanoes and from other reference publications.

The devestating explosive eruptions at Khangar (about 7000 14C BP), Khodutkinskiy "maar" (about 2800 14C BP), and Baraniy Amphitheater (about 1500 14C BP) are classified into a special type, subcaldera eruptions. They were analogues of caldera-forming eruptions by their dynamics, erupted volume (1.5-15 km^3), aspect, facies family, and the composition {from dacites to rhyolites) of the pyroclastics, but were not followed by the development of collapse calderas whose cavity volumes would fit the volume of discharge pyroclastics when converted to solid rock (magma). The discrepancy between a "caldera-like" aspect of the pyroclastics and the type of erupting vent can probably be explained by the greal depths of reservoirs of silicic magma which were "galvanized" when hot basaltic magma was injected into them. A subcaldera eruption usually began with a violent discharge of tephra, much greater in volume than the other volcanic products, to be followed by the formation of pyroclastic flows associated with pyrociastic surges. This sequence of events repeated itself several times during the eruption. No major explosion breccias were formed. Intensive ashfall involved areas of n * 10^4 ... n * 10^5 km^2, so that dated tephra beds have been excellent regional marker horizons. Subcaldera eruptions are hypothesized to have influenced the Earth's climate and are reflected as synchronous acid peaks in the Greenland glacier shield.