Методом сейсмической томографии построена объемная скоростная модель земной коры под Ключевской группой вулканов. Выделены аномалии скоростных параметров связанных с зонами магматического питания активных вулканов. Получены петрологические данные о составе, температуре и давлении генерации и кристаллизации родоначальных расплавов магнезиальных базальтов Ключевского вулкана. Родоначальный расплав отвечает пикриту (MgO=13-14%,мас) с предельным насыщением SiO2 (49-50%, мас.), высоким содержанием H2O (2,2-2.9%) и несовместимыми элементами (Sr, Rb, Ba, Hf). Он образуется при давлениях 15-20 кбар и температурах 1280-1320С. Его дальнейшая кристаллизация проходит в промежуточных магматических камерах при двух дискретных уровнях давлений (более 6 и 1-2 кбар). Результаты петрологических исследований находятся в хорошем соответствии с сейсмотомографической моделью.

The evolution of the Quaternary Kekuknai volcanic massif (the western flank of the Sredinnyi Range in Kamchatka) has been subdivided into five stages: (I) the pre-caldera trachybasalt- basaltic andes- ite, (2) the extrusive trachyandesite-trachydacite, (3) the early trachybasalt, (4) the middle hawaiite- mugearite (with occasional occurrences of basaltic andesites), and (5) the late trachybasalt-hawaiite- mugearite (with occasional andesites) of areal volcanism. On the basis of petrologic data we identified the island arc and the intraplate geochemical types of rocks in the massif. The leading part in petrogenesis was played by dynamics of the fluid phase with a subordinated role of fractional crystallization and hybridism. Successive saturation of rocks with the fluid phase in the course of melt evolution stopped at the time of caldera generation when most fluid mobile elements and silica had been extracted. The geological and petrologic data attest to the formation of the massif in the environment of a backarc volcanic basin during the beginning of rifting with active participation of mantle plume components.

The Kekuknai massif was formed in the course of tectono-magmatic activity that involved the origin of a shield volcano and a caldera depression with associated emplacement of extrusions that terminated in intense post-caldera areal volcanism. The mineralogical compositions of the massifs rocks have been considered in detail. The use of previously known and newly developed indicator properties of rock-forming minerals allowed the reconstruction of the general picture of the magmatic melt evolution and conditions of rock crystallization (various fluid and water saturation levels, as well as the oxidation state of the system). Essentially island-arc or intraplate characteristics of the massif s rock compositions are found at different stages of development of a single fluid-magmatic system. Decompression evolution of the parent deep-seated basanitic magma occurred via occurrence in intermediate magma chambers of daughter magmas of trachybasalt (pre-caldera stage) or hawaiite (areal volcanism) composition. Subsequent emanate-magmatic differentiation of these melts, combined with crystallization differentiation under changing P-T-f0l conditions, resulted in the formation of the entire diversity of the Kekuknai rocks.

A 3D velocity model of the Earth's crust beneath the Klyuchevskoy volcanic group has been constructed using the seismic tomography method. Anomalies of the velocity parameters related to the zones of magma supply to active volcanoes have been distinguished. Petrological data on the composition, temperature, and pressure of generation and crystallization of primary melts of Klyuchevskoy volcano magnesian basalts have been obtained. The primary melt corresponds to picrite (MgO = 13-14 wt %) with an ultimate saturation of SiO2 (49-50 wt %), a high H2O content (2.2-2.9%), and incompatible elements (Sr, Rb, Ba, Hf). This melt is formed at pressures of 15-20 kbar and temperatures of 1280--1320С . Its further crystallization proceeds in intermediate magma chambers at two discrete pressure levels (i.e., greater than 6, and 1-2 kbar). The results of the petrological studies are in good agreement with the seismotomographic model.

В результате детального минералогического и петрохимического изучения известково-щелочных магнезиальных базальтов 21 эксплозивного и эффузивного побочного прорыва Ключевского вулкана, а также на основании данных геохимической термометрии получены новые сведения о химическом составе магнезиальных базальтов фенокристаллов оливинов и клинопироксенов в условиях их кристаллизации в промежуточных магматических камерах. На основе балансовых расчетов показано, что магнезиальные базальты являются продуктами исходных высок о магнезиальных магм.

Одной из главных петрологических проблем вулканизма островных дуг является проблема его источника, так как ни один из наиболее распространенных типов высоко-глиноземистых базальтов, развитых в пределах этих структур не может быть получен непосредственным плавлением предполагаемого вещества мантии. Для Ключевской группы вулканов эта проблема стоит наиболее остро, так как здесь на ограниченной площади представлены продукты двух основных типов магм: известково-щелочной и субщелочной. По-видимому, решение проблемы лежит в возможности разноглубинного и частичного плавления вещества мантии и дальнейшего фракционирования и смешения магм в промежуточных магматических камерах. Изучение магматических очагов под Ключевской группой вулканов является одной из актуальных задач вулканологии, тесно связанной с проблемами геодинамики и прогнозом вулканических извержений.

New and published data on the composition of melt inclusions in olivine (Fo73_yi) from volcanoes of the Kamchatka and northern Kurile Arc are used 1) to evaluate the combined systematics of volatiles (H2O, S, Cl, F) and incompatible trace elements in their parental magmas and mantle sources, 2) to constrain thermal conditions of mantle melting, and 3) to estimate the composition of slab-derived components. We demonstrate that typical Kamchatkan arc-type magmas originate through 5-14% melting of sources similar or slightly more depleted in HFSE (with up to -1 wt.% previous melt extraction) compared to MORB-source mantle, but strongly enriched in H2O,B, Be, Li, Cl. F, LILE, LREE, Th and U. Mean H2O in parental melts f 1.8-2.6 wt.%) decreases with increasing depth to the subducting slab and correlates negatively with both 'fluid-immobile* (e.g. Ti, Na, LREE) and most 'fluid-mobile' (e.g. LILE, S, Cl, F) incompatible elements, implying that solubility in hydrous fluids or amount of water does not directly control the abundance of 'fluid-mobile' incompatible elements. Strong correlation is observed between H2O/Ce and B/Zr (or B/LREE) ratios. Both, calculated H2O in mantle sources (0.1-0.4%) and degrees of melting (5-14%) decrease with increasing depth to the slab indicating that the ultimate source of water in the sub-arc mantle is the subducting oceanic plate and that water flux (together with mantle temperature) governs theextent of mantle melting beneath Kamchatka. A parameterized hydrous melting model [Katzetal. 2003, G3,4(9), 1073] is utilized to estimate that mantle melting beneath Kamchatka occurs at or below the dry peridotite solidus (1245-1330 °C at 1.5-2.0 GPa). Relatively high mantle temperatures (yet lower than beneath back-arc basins and ocean ridges) suggest substantial corner flow driven mantle upwelling beneath Kamchatka in agreement with numerical models implying non-isoviscous mantle wedge rheology. Data from Kamchatka, Mexico and Central America indicate that <5% melting would lake place beneath continental arcs without water flux from the subducting slab. A broad negative correlation appears to exist between crustal thickness and the temperature of magma generation beneath volcanic arcs with larger amounts of decompression melting occurring beneath thinner arc crust (Uihosphere). In agreement with the high mantle temperatures, we observe a systematic change in the composition of slab components with increasing slab depth from solute-poor hydrous fluid beneath the volcanic front to solute-rich hydrous melt or supercritical liquid at deeper depths beneath the rear arc. The solute-rich slab component dominates the budget of LILE, LREE,Th and U in the magmas and originates through wet-melting of subducted sediments and/or altered oceanic crust at > 120 km depth. Melting of the upper parts of subducting plates under water flux from deeper luhosphere (e.g. serpentinites), combined with high .emperatures in the mantie wedge, may be a more common process beneath volcanic arcs than has been previously recognized. 0 2006 Klsevier B.V. All rights reserved.