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 2021
Grishin S.Yu., Belousov A.B., Belousova M.G., Auer A. The 2019 Explosive Eruption of Raikoke Volcanic Island, Kuriles: Pyroclastic Deposits and Their Impact on the Relief and Ecosystems // Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. 2021. Vol. 15. № 6. P. 387-398.
   Аннотация
A short-lived but violent explosive eruption occurred on the small volcanic island Raikoke in June 2019 (central Kuril Islands). The culmination of the eruption lasted 3.5 h and the ash cloud rose to a height of 13 km. An analysis of a sequence of satellite images in combination with ground-based observations gave information on the pyroclastic deposits of the eruption and allowed us to estimate the associated impact on the island ecosystems. We found that this eruption had a phreatomagmatic, sub-Plinian to Plinian character.
Horváth Á, Carr J.L., Girina O.A., Wu D.L., Bril A.A., Mazurov A.A., Melnikov D.V., Hoshyaripour G.A., Buehler S.A. Geometric estimation of volcanic eruption column height from GOES-R near-limb imagery – Part 1: Methodology // Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2021. Vol. 21. Vol. 16. P. 12189-12206. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12189-2021, 2021.
   Аннотация
A geometric technique is introduced to estimate the height of volcanic eruption columns using the generally discarded near-limb portion of geostationary imagery. Such oblique observations facilitate a height-by-angle estimation method by offering close-to-orthogonal side views of eruption columns protruding from the Earth ellipsoid. Coverage is restricted to daytime point estimates in the immediate vicinity of the vent, which nevertheless can provide complementary constraints on source conditions for the modeling of near-field plume evolution. The technique is best suited to strong eruption columns with minimal tilting in the radial direction. For weak eruptions with severely bent plumes or eruptions with expanded umbrella clouds the radial tilt/expansion has to be corrected for either visually or using ancillary wind profiles. Validation on a large set of mountain peaks indicates a typical height uncertainty of ±500 m for near-vertical eruption columns, which compares favorably with the accuracy of the common temperature method.
Horváth Á, Girina O.A., Carr J.L., Wu D.L., Bril A.A., Mazurov A.A., Melnikov D.V., Hoshyaripour G.A., Buehler S.A. Geometric estimation of volcanic eruption column height from GOES-R near-limb imagery – Part 2: Case studies // Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 2021. Vol. 21. Vol. 16. P. 12207-12226. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-12207-2021.
   Аннотация
In a companion paper (Horváth et al., 2021), we introduced a new technique to estimate volcanic eruption column height from extremely oblique near-limb geostationary views. The current paper demonstrates and validates the technique in a number of recent eruptions, ranging from ones with weak columnar plumes to subplinian events with massive umbrella clouds and overshooting tops that penetrate the stratosphere. Due to its purely geometric nature, the new method is shown to be unaffected by the limitations of the traditional brightness temperature method, such as height underestimation in subpixel and semitransparent plumes, ambiguous solutions near the tropopause temperature inversion, or the lack of solutions in undercooled plumes. The side view height estimates were in good agreement with plume heights derived from ground-based video and satellite stereo observations, suggesting they can be a useful complement to established techniques.
Korolev S.P., Sorokin A.A., Urmanov I.P., Kamaev A., Girina O.A. Classification of Video Observation Data for Volcanic Activity Monitoring Using Computer Vision and Modern Neural NetWorks (on Klyuchevskoy Volcano Example) // Remote Sensing. 2021. Vol. 13. Vol. 23. № 4747. P. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234747.
   Аннотация
Currently, video observation systems are actively used for volcano activity monitoring. Video cameras allow us to remotely assess the state of a dangerous natural object and to detect thermal anomalies if technical capabilities are available. However, continuous use of visible band cameras instead of special tools (for example, thermal cameras), produces large number of images, that require the application of special algorithms both for preliminary filtering out the images with area of interest hidden due to weather or illumination conditions, and for volcano activity detection. Existing algorithms use preselected regions of interest in the frame for analysis. This region could be changed occasionally to observe events in a specific area of the volcano. It is a problem to set it in advance and keep it up to date, especially for an observation network with multiple cameras. The accumulated perennial archives of images with documented eruptions allow us to use modern deep learning technologies for whole frame analysis to solve the specified task. The article presents the development of algorithms to classify volcano images produced by video observation systems. The focus is on developing the algorithms to create a labelled dataset from an unstructured archive using existing and authors proposed techniques. The developed solution was tested using the archive of the video observation system for the volcanoes of Kamchatka, in particular the observation data for the Klyuchevskoy volcano. The tests show the high efficiency of the use of convolutional neural networks in volcano image classification, and the accuracy of classification achieved 91%. The resulting dataset consisting of 15,000 images and labelled in three classes of scenes is the first dataset of this kind of Kamchatka volcanoes. It can be used to develop systems for monitoring other stratovolcanoes that occupy most of the video frame.
Ponomareva V.V., Pendea I. Florin, Zelenin Egor, Portnyagin Maxim, Gorbach N.V., Pevzner M.M., Plechova A.A., Derkachev Alexander, Rogozin Aleksei, Garbe-Schönberg Dieter The first continuous late Pleistocene tephra record from Kamchatka Peninsula (NW Pacific) and its volcanological and paleogeographic implications // Quaternary Science Reviews. 2021. Vol. 257. 1. № Article 106838. P. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106838.
   Аннотация
The Kamchatka volcanic arc (NW Pacific) is one of the most productive arcs in the world, known for its highly explosive activity. At the same time, the Kamchatkan record of late Pleistocene explosive eruptions has remained fragmentary. Here we present the first continuous record of Kamchatkan explosive activity between ~12 and 30 ka, which includes ~70 eruptions and extends the earlier reconstructed Holocene sequence for another 20 ka. Our record is based on geochemical correlations of 14C-dated tephras that represent all Kamchatka volcanic zones and are buried in lacustrine deposits along the 200 km stretch of the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD). The accompanying geochemical database of volcanic glass compositions includes 3104 new electron microprobe and 221 LA-ICP-MS analyses. The data show that during the period under study, large silicic explosive eruptions peaked at 30e25 ka. Later times were mostly associated with the moderate activity from northern CKD volcanoes Shiveluch and Zarechny. Our tephra record provides the first tephrochronological model for dating and correlating Central Kamchatka late Pleistocene deposits and gives us some insight into the timing of glacial advances in the Kliuchevskoi volcanic group and volcanic response to the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum and glacial unloading at its termination. In addition, studied sections of lacustrine deposits tightly linked by tephra markers suggest the existence of a large lake system within the CKD for ~20 kyr until its final discharge at ~12 ka BP.
Taran Yuri, Kalacheva Elena, Dvigalo Viktor, Melnikov Dmitri, Voloshina Ekaterina Evolution of the crater lake of Maly Semyachik volcano, Kamchatka (1965–2020) // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2021. Vol. 418. P. 107351 doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107351.
   Аннотация
Significant variations in temperature, water chemistry and volume of the lake in the crater of Maly Semyachik volcano, Kamchatka, in 1965–2020 can be divided in three main stages. The first stage, until about the mid-1980s, was characterized by intense volcanic-hydrothermal activity, high (above 40 °C) temperature, high salinity (up to 40 g/l) and an increase in the level (and volume) of the lake. During the second stage, which lasted 25–30 years, since the mid-1980s until the mid-2000s, the lake cooled down, until freezing in winter, the mineralization decreased (up to 1.6 g/l), and the volume of the lake remained almost constant. After the mid-2000s until present, there is a period of activation of the Maly Semyachik volcano, which is expressed in an increase in temperature, mineralization and a sharp increase in the volume of the crater lake. The water balance of the lake and the input and composition of the thermal acid chloride solution are estimated based on the analysis of changes in chemical and physical parameters over time, using a box model.
Zelenski M., Simakin A., Taran Yu., Kamenetsky V.S., Malik N.A. Partitioning of elements between high-temperature, low-density aqueous fluid and silicate melt as derived from volcanic gas geochemistry // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2021. Vol. 295. P. 112-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.12.011.
   Аннотация
By comparing high-quality volcanic gas and whole rock compositions, we calculated the apparent (observed) mass partition coefficients Kd* for 58 elements on six basaltic volcanoes located in arc and rift/hotspot settings. The inferred Kd* vary from � 1100 for sulfur to 0.0001 for zirconium, i.e., within seven orders of magnitude. Only 14 elements have Kd* > 1, including highly volatile S, Se, Te and halogens, as well as Tl, Re, Os, Bi, Cd, Au, In and As. Alkali metals have Kd* in the rangefrom 0.1 for Cs to 0.01 for Na. Partition coefficients of other rock-forming elements are <0.001. The partition coefficients for elements depend on element speciation and concentrations of ligand-forming elements in the gas such as sulfur and chlorine.
Elements transported in the gas predominantly as halides have higher partition coefficients in HCl-rich arc gases, whereas elements preferably forming sulfides, hydrides and free atoms, have higher Kd* in sulfur-rich, HCl-poor and reduced rift/hot-spot gases. Degassing directly from the free melt surface is negligible; deep gas passing through the erupting vent is quickly overwhelmed by the signal of low-pressure degassing. Equilibration of rising bubbles with the surrounding melt almost eliminates the difference between Kd* calculated for degassing lava flows (no connection with deep magma) and for lava lakes and open-vent volcanoes (convective mass exchange with deep magma takes place). Diffusion does not strongly affect the apparent partitioning of magmas degassing at surface. Gas bubbles growing in near-surface silicate melts at atmospheric pressure have a large density difference compared to the surrounding melt of 12–15 thousand times. This leads to the rapid expansion of such bubbles and a decrease in the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer in the melt due to its stretching around the growing bubble, which sharply decreases diffusion fractionation. As a result, the apparent partition coefficients (Kd*) for degassing basaltic volcanoes are close to the equilibrium ones (Kd) for most of the elements. The partition coefficients of volatile elements (S and Cl) calculated from the comparison of volcanic gas and rock compositions are in agreement with the values determined previously via experiments or theoretical modeling.
Баранов Б.В., Вернер Р.А., Рашидов В.А., Цуканов Н.В., Дозорова К.А. Морфология подводного вулкана Пийпа в Командорской котловине по данным съемки многолучевым эхолотом // Вестник КРАУНЦ. Серия: Науки о Земле. 2021. Вып. 50. № 2. С. 6-21. doi: 10.31431/1816-5524-2021-2-50-6-21.
   Аннотация
Проведен анализ батиметрических данных, полученных в рейсах на германском научно-исследовательском судне «Зонне» с помощью многолучевых эхолотов в рамках российско-германских проектов КАЛЬМАР (рейс SO201-2, 2009 г.) и БЕРИНГ (рейс SO249-2, 2016 г.) в Командорской котловине Берингова моря. Построены детальные батиметрические карты подводного вулкана Пийпа. Описаны новые морфологические особенности его вершинных построек, их возрастные взаимоотношения, локализованы приуроченные к постройкам проявления гидротермальной активности, закартированы все побочные конусы и лавовые потоки. По распределению побочных конусов и трещинных излияний было определено тектоническое палеонапряжение, существовавшее на время их образования, предположительно, после позднего миоцена – раннего плиоцена. Оно отличается от современного тектонического напряжения, обусловленного правосторонними смещениями вдоль зоны разломов Беринга.
Белоусов А.Б., Белоусова М.Г. Пирокластические отложения и механизм эксплозивного извержения 2019 г. вулкана Райкоке (Курильские острова) // Вулканизм и связанные с ним процессы. Материалы XXIV ежегодной научной конференции, посвящённой Дню вулканолога, 29-30 марта 2021 г. Петропавловск-Камчатский: ИВиС ДВО РАН. 2021. С. 10-13.
   Аннотация
В июне 2019 г. на острове-вулкане Райкоке произошло короткое, но сильное эксплозивное извержение андезибазальтовой магмы с подземными водами, которые были представлены морской водой, просачивавшейся через проницаемые породы острова-вулкана. В процессе извержения образовались многочисленные пирокластические потоки.
Белоусова М.Г., Сапрыкина О.Ю., Бубнова Р.С., Шаблинский А.П., Вергасова Л.П., Белоусов А.Б., Филатов С.К. Термическое исследование нового минерала-беломаринаита KNаSO4 // Вулканология и сейсмология. 2021. № 1. С. 57-64. doi: 10.31857/S0203030620060127.
   Аннотация
Впервые изучено термическое поведение нового минерала вулканических эксгаляций беломаринаита KNaSO4 (тригональная сингония, пр. гр. P3m1, a = 5.6072(3), c = 7.1781(4) Å, V = 195.45(2) Å3) на природном образце вулканических эксгаляций Трещинного Толбачинского извержения (ТТИ) 2012–2013 гг. и его синтетического аналога – низкотемпературного (НТ) полиморфа KNaSO4 (пр. гр. P3m1) в интервале 30–800°C (терморентгенография) и 30–1000°C (ДСК и ТГ). Минерал устойчив до температуры 470 ± 5°C, при которой он испытывает полиморфное превращение первого рода в высокотемпературную (ВТ) гексагональную модификацию (пр. гр. P63/mmc), стабильную до плавления (840°C по данным ДСК). Термическое расширение обеих модификаций резко анизотропно, а в случае ВТ-фазы – зависимость параметра a имеет U-образную форму с минимумом при 620°C. Объемное расширение αV ВТ-фазы превышает расширение НТ-фазы в среднем в 2–2.5 раза.