Вулкан Ксудач. Библиография
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Kirianov V.Yu., Egorova I.A., Litasova S.N. Volcanic ash on Bering Island (Commander Islands) and Kamchatkan Holocene Eruptions // Volcanology and Seismology. 1990. Vol. 8. № 6. P. 850-868.
Kirianov V.Yu., Solovieva N.A. Lateral variations in ash composition due to Eolian differentiation // Volcanology and Seismology. 1991. Vol. 12. № 4. P. 431-442.
Kyle Philip R., Ponomareva Vera V., Rourke Schluep Rachelle Geochemical characterization of marker tephra layers from major Holocene eruptions, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia // International Geology Review. 2011. Vol. 53. № 9. P. 1059-1097. doi:10.1080/00206810903442162.
   Аннотация
Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. Many Holocene explosive eruptions have resulted in widespread dispersal of tephra-fall
deposits. The largest layers have been mapped and dated by the 14C method. The tephra provide valuable stratigraphic markers that constrain the age of many geological
events (e.g. volcanic eruptions, palaeotsunamis, faulting, and so on). This is the first systematic attempt to use electron microprobe (EMP) analyses of glass to characterize
individual tephra deposits in Kamchatka. Eighty-nine glass samples erupted from 11 volcanoes, representing 27 well-identified Holocene key-marker tephra layers, were analysed. The glass is rhyolitic in 21 tephra, dacitic in two, and multimodal in three.
Two tephra are mixed with glass compositions ranging from andesite/dacite to rhyolite. Tephra from the 11 eruptive centres are distinguished by their glass K2O,
CaO, and FeO contents. In some cases, individual tephra from volcanoes with multiple eruptions cannot be differentiated. Trace element compositions of 64 representative
bulk tephra samples erupted from 10 volcanoes were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) as a pilot study to further refine the geochemical haracteristics; tephra from these volcanoes can be characterized using Cr and Th contents and La/Yb ratios.
Unidentified tephra collected at the islands of Karaginsky (3), Bering (11), and Attu (5) as well as Uka Bay (1) were correlated to known eruptions. Glass compositions and
trace element data from bulk tephra samples show that the Karaginsky Island and Uka Bay tephra were all erupted from the Shiveluch volcano. The 11 Bering Island tephra
are correlated to Kamchatka eruptions. Five tephra from Attu Island in the Aleutians are tentatively correlated with eruptions from the Avachinsky and Shiveluch volcanoes.
Maximov A.P. Petrological constraints on the mechanisms of catastrophic explosive eruptions of andesitic and acid magmas // 7 th Biennual Workshop on Japan-Kamchatka-Alaska Subduction Processes: Mitigating Risk Through International Volcano, Earthquake, and Tsunami Science (JKASP-2011). August 25-30, 2011, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. 2011. P. 257-258.
Melekestsev I.V., Braitseva O.A., Ponomareva V.V., Sulerzhitskiy L.D. Holocene catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions of Ksudach volcano, Kamchatka // Volcanology and Seismology. 1996. Vol. 17. № 4-5. P. 395-422.
   Аннотация
Four Plinian eruptions of Ksudach have been reconstructed and dated by the carbon-14 method. The eruptions produced three collapse calderas: the KS1 eruption formed Caldera V 1700-1800 years ago, the KS2 and KS3 events produced Caldera IV 6000-6100 years ago, and the KS4 eruption formed Caldera III 8700-8800 years ago. The most violent eruption was the KS1 event. The sizes of the calderas were 4 × 6.5 km (V), 5 × 6 km (IV), and presumably 2-3 km across (III). Juvenile material was erupted in a rhythmic manner. The composition of the products was dominated by andesite (KS2 and KS4), dacite and rhyodacite (KS3), and rhyodacite (KS1). It is assumed that all caldera-forming eruptions were triggered by the injection of a new portion of high-temperature basic magma and its mixing with the cooling acid magma of the preexisting source. -from Journal summary
Ponomareva V.V., Churikova T., Melekestsev I.V., Braitseva O.A., Pevzner M., Sulerzhitskii L. Late Pleistocene-Holocene Volcanism on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Northwest Pacific Region / Volcanism and Subduction: The Kamchatka Region. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. 2007. Vol. 172. P. 165-198. doi: 10.1029/172GM15.
   Аннотация
Late Pleistocene-Holocene volcanism in Kamchatka results from the subduction of the
Pacific Plate under the peninsula and forms three volcanic belts arranged in en echelon manner
from southeast to northwest. The cross-arc extent of recent volcanism exceeds 250 km and
is one of the widest worldwide. All the belts are dominated by mafic rocks. Eruptives with
SiO2>57% constitute ~25% of the most productive Central Kamchatka Depression belt and
~30% of the Eastern volcanic front, but <10% of the least productive Sredinny Range belt.
All the Kamchatka volcanic rocks exhibit typical arc-type signatures and are represented
by basalt-rhyolite series differing in alkalis. Typical Kamchatka arc basalts display a strong
increase in LILE, LREE and HFSE from the front to the back-arc. La/Yb and Nb/Zr increase
from the arc front to the back arc while B/Li and As, Sb, B, Cl and S concentrations decrease.
The initial mantle source below Kamchatka ranges from N-MORB-like in the volcanic front
and Central Kamchatka Depression to more enriched in the back arc. Rocks from the Central
Kamchatka Depression range in 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 0.70334 to 0.70366, but have almost
constant Nd isotopic ratios (143Nd/144Nd 0.51307–0.51312). This correlates with the highest
U/Th ratios in these rocks and suggest the highest fluid-flux in the source region.
Holocene large eruptions and eruptive histories of individual Holocene volcanoes have been
studied with the help of tephrochronology and 14C dating that permits analysis of time-space
patterns of volcanic activity, evolution of the erupted products, and volcanic hazards.
Ponomareva Vera A chronology of the Holocene eruptions from the northern Kamchatka volcanoes based on linking major C14-dated tephra sequences with the help of EMPA glass data // Quaternary International. 2012. Vol. 279–28. P. 383 doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1191.
   Аннотация
Volcanic eruptions from Kamchatka have deposited many unique tephra layers over a large region within the North Pacific, providing important isochrons between key sites such as marine ODP core 883 (Pacific Ocean, Detroit Seamount) and Elgygytgyn Lake (Chukotka, eastern Siberia). Here we present a compilation of C14 dates on major Holocene tephras from the volcanically highly active region, based on decades of detailed stratigraphical fieldwork on Shiveluch, Kliuchevskoy, and other volcanoes.The 12-m thick tephra sequence at the Kliuchevskoy slope has been continuously accumulating during the last ∼11 ka. It contains over 200 visible individual tephra layers and no datable organic material. The section is dominated by dark-gray mafic cinders related to Kliuchevskoy activity. In addition, it contains 30 light-colored thin layers of silicic tephra from distant volcanoes including 11 layers from Shiveluch volcano located only 65 km to the north. We have used EMPA glass analysis to correlate most of the marker tephra layers to their source eruptions dated earlier by C14 (Braitseva et al., 1997; Ponomareva et al., 2007), and in this way linked Kliuchevskoy tephra sequence to sequences at other volcanoes including Shiveluch. The C14 dates and tephras from the northern Kamchatka are then combined into a single Bayesian framework taking into account stratigraphical ordering within and between the sites. This approach has allowed us to enhance the reliability and precision of the estimated ages for the eruptions. Age-depth models are constructed to analyse changes in deposition rates and volcanic activity throughout the Holocene. This detailed chronology of the eruptions serves as a basis for understanding temporal patterns in the eruption sequence and geochemical variations of magmas. This research could prove important for the long-term forecast of eruptions and volcanic hazards.
Portnyagin Maxim, Hoernle Kaj, Plechov Pavel Yu., Mironov Nikita, Khubunaya Sergey Constraints on mantle melting and composition and nature of slab components in volcanic arcs from volatiles (H2O, S, Cl, F) and trace elements in melt inclusions from the Kamchatka // Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007. Vol. 255. № 1-2. P. 53-69. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.005.
   Аннотация
New and published data on the composition of melt inclusions in olivine (Fo73_yi) from volcanoes of the Kamchatka and northern Kurile Arc are used 1) to evaluate the combined systematics of volatiles (H2O, S, Cl, F) and incompatible trace elements in their parental magmas and mantle sources, 2) to constrain thermal conditions of mantle melting, and 3) to estimate the composition of slab-derived components. We demonstrate that typical Kamchatkan arc-type magmas originate through 5-14% melting of sources similar or slightly more depleted in HFSE (with up to -1 wt.% previous melt extraction) compared to MORB-source mantle, but strongly enriched in H2O,B, Be, Li, Cl. F, LILE, LREE, Th and U. Mean H2O in parental melts f 1.8-2.6 wt.%) decreases with increasing depth to the subducting slab and correlates negatively with both 'fluid-immobile* (e.g. Ti, Na, LREE) and most 'fluid-mobile' (e.g. LILE, S, Cl, F) incompatible elements, implying that solubility in hydrous fluids or amount of water does not directly control the abundance of 'fluid-mobile' incompatible elements. Strong correlation is observed between H2O/Ce and B/Zr (or B/LREE) ratios. Both, calculated H2O in mantle sources (0.1-0.4%) and degrees of melting (5-14%) decrease with increasing depth to the slab indicating that the ultimate source of water in the sub-arc mantle is the subducting oceanic plate and that water flux (together with mantle temperature) governs theextent of mantle melting beneath Kamchatka. A parameterized hydrous melting model [Katzetal. 2003, G3,4(9), 1073] is utilized to estimate that mantle melting beneath Kamchatka occurs at or below the dry peridotite solidus (1245-1330 °C at 1.5-2.0 GPa). Relatively high mantle temperatures (yet lower than beneath back-arc basins and ocean ridges) suggest substantial corner flow driven mantle upwelling beneath Kamchatka in agreement with numerical models implying non-isoviscous mantle wedge rheology. Data from Kamchatka, Mexico and Central America indicate that <5% melting would lake place beneath continental arcs without water flux from the subducting slab. A broad negative correlation appears to exist between crustal thickness and the temperature of magma generation beneath volcanic arcs with larger amounts of decompression melting occurring beneath thinner arc crust (Uihosphere). In agreement with the high mantle temperatures, we observe a systematic change in the composition of slab components with increasing slab depth from solute-poor hydrous fluid beneath the volcanic front to solute-rich hydrous melt or supercritical liquid at deeper depths beneath the rear arc. The solute-rich slab component dominates the budget of LILE, LREE,Th and U in the magmas and originates through wet-melting of subducted sediments and/or altered oceanic crust at > 120 km depth. Melting of the upper parts of subducting plates under water flux from deeper luhosphere (e.g. serpentinites), combined with high .emperatures in the mantie wedge, may be a more common process beneath volcanic arcs than has been previously recognized. 0 2006 Klsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Portnyagin Maxim, Hoernle Kaj, Plechov Pavel, Mironov Nikita, Khubunaya Sergey Constraints on mantle melting and composition and nature of slab components in volcanic arcs from volatiles (H2O, S, Cl, F) and trace elements in melt inclusions from the Kamchatka Arc // Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2007. Т. 255. № 1-2. С. 53-69. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.005.
Siebert L., Simkin T., Kimberly P. Volcanoes of the World. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2010. 568 p.
   Аннотация
This impressive scientific resource presents up-to-date information on ten thousand years of volcanic activity on Earth. In the decade and a half since the previous edition was published new studies have refined assessments of the ages of many volcanoes, and several thousand new eruptions have been documented. This edition updates the book's key components: a directory of volcanoes active during the Holocene; a chronology of eruptions over the past ten thousand years; a gazetteer of volcano names, synonyms, and subsidiary features; an extensive list of references; and an introduction placing these data in context. This edition also includes new photographs, data on the most common rock types forming each volcano, information on population densities near volcanoes, and other features, making it the most comprehensive source available on Earth's dynamic volcanism.