Shiashkotan Island belongs to the Northern Kuril island arc and consists of two joined volcanoes, Sinarka and
Kuntomintar, with about 18 km of distance between the summits. Both volcanoes are active, with historic
eruptions, and both emit fumarolic gases. Sinarka volcano is degassing through the extrusive domewith inaccessible
strong and hot (N400 °C) fumaroles. A large fumarolic field of the Kuntomintar volcano situated in a wide
eroded caldera-like crater hosts many fumarolic vents with temperatures from boiling point to 480 °C. Both
volcanoes are characterized by intense hydrothermal activity discharging acid SO4-Cl waters, which are drained
to the Sea of Okhotsk by streams. At least 4 groups of near-neutral Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4 springs with temperatures in
the range of 50–80 °C are located at the sea level,within tide zones and discharge slightly altered diluted seawater.
Volcanic gas of Kuntomintar as well as all types of hydrothermal manifestations of both volcanoes were collected
and analyzed for major and trace elements and water isotopes. Volcanic gases are typical for arc volcanoes
with 3He/4He corrected for air contamination up to 6.4 Ra (Ra=1.4 ×10−6, the air ratio) and δ13C (CO2) within
−10‰to−8‰VPDB. Using a saturation indices approach it is shown that acid volcanic waters are formed at a
shallow level, whereas waters of the coastal springs are partially equilibrated with rocks at ~180 °C. Trace
element distribution and concentrations and the total REE depend on the water type, acidity and Al+Fe concentration.
The REE pattern for acidic waters is unusual but similar to that found in some acidic crater lake waters.
The total hydrothermal discharge of Cl and S from the island associated with volcanic activity is estimated at
ca. 20 t/d and 40 t/d, respectively, based on the measurements of flow rates of the draining streams and
their chemistry. The chemical erosion of the island by surface and thermal waters is estimated at 27 and 140
ton/km2/year, respectively, which is 2–3 times lower than chemical erosion of tropical volcanic islands.

Приведены новые данные по макро- и микрокомпонентному составу термальных вод, разгружающихся в бассейне р. Юрьевой (о. Парамушир, Северные Курильские острова). Прослежены изменения в химическом составе и физико-химических показателей вод Верхне-Юрьевских источников, произошедшие с начала их исследований в 1957 г. до 2010 г. Дана предварительная оценка геохимической работы источников по состоянию на 2010 г. Рассмотрены условия формирования термальных вод.

На основе гидрогеохимических данных, полученных в результате полевых работ, проведенных на острове Шиашкотан в 2011 г., приводится характеристика различных типов природных вод, включая конденсат фумарольных газов, разгружающихся на западном склона вулкана Кунтоминтар. В исследуемом районе распространены холодные и термальные кислые минерализованные воды, соответствующие сульфатному типу с пестрым катионным составом. Конденсат фумарольных газов относится к хлоридному кальциевому типу с высоким содержанием бора. Формирование химического состава природных вод происходит за счет взаимодействия метеорных вод с гидротермально измененными породами. Газы вулкана Кунтоминтар имеют магматическое происхождение: их конечный состав сформирован в результате подъема флюида к поверхности и значительного разбавления его метеорной водой в близповерхностных условиях.

The Klyuchevskaya volcanic group of Kamchatka is unique in many respects: it includes 13 volcanoes, four of which are active; Klyuchevskoy volcano is the youngest and the most active of Kamchatka; the contrast (basaltic and andesitic) volcanism is observed within the relatively small area of this group. This work provides a general scheme of principal fault zones in the area of the Klyuchevskaya volcanic group superimposed on satellite data of middle and high resolution (MODIS, SRTM, ASTER, Landsat, Meteor-M, Kanopus-B and the others). The scheme of the fault zones was created on the basis of the analysis of a set of various published materials and numerous satellite data of different resolution, as well as on the author’s studies of the Klyuchevskaya group volcanoes. All faults at the scheme were well expressed in all examined satellite images. It is shown that the faults ever formed here are long-lived and their activity is associated with certain stages of the evolution of the Klyuchevskaya volcanic group. The formation of all volcanoes of this group mainly happens owing to faults of the northwest, northeast and west-northwest directions. For example, the current activity of Klyuchevskoy volcano is associated probably with the northwest and northeast striking faults; right-hand downthrow-upheaval movements along the faults of the north-northeast directions are likely to have led at different times to the collapse of the eastern parts of the volcanoes Ostry Tolbachik and Kamen.

Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are home to 36 active volcanoes with yearly explosive eruptions that eject ash to heights of 8 to 15 km above sea level, posing hazards to jet planes. In order to reduce the risk of planes colliding with ash clouds in the north Pacific, the KVERT team affiliated with the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IV&S FEB RAS) has conducted daily satellite-based monitoring of Kamchatka volcanoes since 2002. Specialists at the IV&S FEB RAS, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SRI RAS), the Computing Center of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CC FEB RAS), and the Far East Planeta Center of Space Hydrometeorology Research (FEPC SHR) have developed, introduced into practice, and were continuing to refine the VolSatView information system for Monitoring of Volcanic Activity in Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands during the 2011–2015 period. This system enables integrated processing of various satellite data, as well as of weather and land-based information for continuous monitoring and investigation of volcanic activity in the Kuril–Kamchatka region. No other information system worldwide offers the abilities that the Vol-SatView has for studies of volcanoes. This paper shows the main abilities of the application of VolSatView for routine monitoring and retrospective analysis of volcanic activity in Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands.

Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are home to 36 active volcanoes with yearly explosive eruptions that eject ash to heights of 8 to 15 km above sea level, posing hazards to jet planes. In order to reduce the risk of planes colliding with ash clouds in the north Pacific, the KVERT team affiliated with the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IV&S FEB RAS) has conducted daily satellite-based monitoring of Kamchatka volcanoes since 2002. Specialists at the IV&S FEB RAS, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SRI RAS), the Computing Center of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CC FEB RAS), and the Far East Planeta Center of Space Hydrometeorology Research (FEPC SHR) have developed, introduced into practice, and were continuing to refine the VolSatView information system for Monitoring of Volcanic Activity in Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands during the 2011–2015 period. This system enables integrated processing of various satellite data, as well as of weather and land-based information for continuous monitoring and investigation of volcanic activity in the Kuril–Kamchatka region. No other information system worldwide offers the abilities that the Vol-SatView has for studies of volcanoes. This paper shows the main abilities of the application of VolSatView for routine monitoring and retrospective analysis of volcanic activity in Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands.

For the first time in investigations of Klyuchevskoy, the sampling of gases was made directly in magma discharge during the flank eruption of 1988. High-temperature gases (1050—1100° C) are enriched in water and haloids, and impoverishen in sulphur; their compositions are close to that of chemical equilibrium at the temperature of sampling, the oxidizing state being formed in conditions that are close to redox conditions of NNO and QFM buffers. The isotopic composition of magmatic water (—71 %о<δD<—44%о; +6.3%о <δ18O< +8.4%о, SMOW) is in concordiance with the interval of «primary magmatic» waters. The isotopic composition of molecular hydrogen (—187%o<δD<— 160%о, SMOW) was formed in terms of isotopic equilibrium with water. Chemical composition of gases and isotopic composition of carbon in carbonic acid (δ13Cco2 = —11,6%о, PDB) indicate the significant degassing of magma of the 1988 flank eruption.
(Received October 4. 1989)

* Institute of Volcanology, Far East Division, USSR Academy of Sciences. Petro-pavtovsk-Kamchatskii, 683006, USSR
** Institute of Hydrous Problems, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 103064, USSR

Rare-earth elements in historic basaltic lavas are characterized for the first time (1932—1985), for Klyuchevskoi volcano. Analysis of petrochemical data and phenomenological observations show that traces of differentiation are absent in alumina lavas. Alumina and magnesian basaltz originate from one source (chamber).

High hydrothermal activity is concentrated in the crater of Ushishir volcano which represents an almost closed bay connected with the ocean through a narrow and shallow strait. In their composition the thermal waters can be divided into two groups: (1) thermal waters of sea origin of high mineralization altered as a result of high-temperature interaction with rocks and (2) waters of sea origin heated in the near-surface conditions and mixed with fresh meteoric water. Ion and gas geothermometry as well as mixing plots in Na - 1ма_к and CI - coordinates suggest that these thermal vents are fed by steam-water geothermal reservoir with temperature of about 260°C; mineralization of the fluid in equilibrium zone is 23 g/l, C02 pressure being about 4 bar. Calculations of the equilibrium solution composition in the closed "water-andesite" system indicate that the observed Mg concentration could be formed in a wide temperature range but at low, lower than 0,01, mass rock-water ratios. Reequilibration of the solution at temperatures of 170-200°C in the near-surface conditions is most probable. The main discharge takes place primarily in the intersection zone of the ring-shaped and linear faults. Through the ring-shaped fracture mostly gas and steam-heated waters are discharged.