Clusters of small-volume volcanoes that individually may be defined as monogenetic, but have interlinked and
interconnected plumbing systems, are used to be categorized as monogenetic volcanic fields (MVF).We argue
that such volcanic clusters should be distinguished as separate type of volcanism, intermediate between monogenetic and polygenetic. The magma plumbing system structure of the MVF (its complexity and polymagmatic
character) is the key argument for the potential separation of themin a classification. To avoid confusion caused by geneticmeaning of the used words we suggest using a term “areal volcanism” or “areal volcanic fields” (AVF instead of MVF) as defining this special type of volcanic activity. Herewe provide a reviewof themain characteristic features of one of the largest Holocene AVF, which is active now – the Tolbachik field of cinder cones in the southern part of Klyuchevskaya volcano group (Kamchatka), known in the literature as Tolbachinsky Dol. This paper is focused on the research of magma plumbing system. We consider structural,morphological, geological, geochemical and petrological data on the erupted basalts and their genesis. Specially planned seismic experiments made in 2010–2015 (seismic tomography and microseismic sounding) allowedmodeling of the principal elements of the magma plumbing system of Tolbachik AVF. Analysis of the investigations made in this area shows that Tolbachik AVF has a complex, dynamic, variable magmatic feeding system, which can be visualized as a superposition of subvertical and sublateral magma conduits. The contrast composition of the erupted rocks is caused by their different, although genetically connected, magma sources and mixing processes. One of the long-lived eruptive centers of Tolbachik AVF is Plosky Tolbachik stratovolcano, which lost its independent activity and was captured by Tolbachik AVF in Holocene. The AVF formed rejuvenated volcanism using the feeding system of the stratovolcano like an “old anthill”. The magma plumbing system characteristics of Tolbachinsky Dol strongly support the idea of separation of AVF from monogenetic volcanism type in the classification.

В конце 2016 г. начался очередной эпизод эруптивной активности вулкана Безымянный на Камчатке. Рассматриваются предвестниковые ситуации, выявленные по возрастанию уровня сейсмичности и проанализированные в реальном времени перед тремя извержениями вулкана в ноябре 2016 г. – марте 2017 г.
Применение формализованной методики вероятностного прогноза, разработанной для вулкана Безымянный В.А. Салтыковым по сейсмическим данным 1999–2014 гг., позволило сформулировать вероятностные прогнозы извержений в режиме реального времени, которые были переданы Камчатскому филиалу Российского экспертного совета по прогнозу землетрясений, оценке сейсмической опасности и риска (КФ РЭС) и признаны оправдавшимися.

This paper reports a study of the Tolud earthquake sequence; the sequence was a burst of shallow
seismicity between November 28 and December 7, 2012; it accompanied the initial phase in the Tolbachik
Fissure Eruption of 2012‒2013. The largest earthquake (the Tolud earthquake of November 30, 2012, to be
referred to as the Tolud Earthquake in what follows, with KS = 11.3, ML = 4.9, MС = 5.4, and MW = 4.8) is
one of the five larger seismic events that have been recorded at depths shallower than 10 km beneath the entire Klyuchevskoi Volcanic Cluster in 1961‒2015. It was found that the Tolud earthquake sequence was the foreshock–aftershock process of the Tolud Earthquake. This is one of the larger seismicity episodes ever to have
occurred in the volcanic areas of Kamchatka. Data of the Kamchatka seismic stations were used to compute
some parameters for the Tolud Earthquake and its largest (МL = 4.3) aftershock; the parameters include the
source parameters and mechanisms, and the moment magnitudes, since no information on these is available
at the world seismological data centers. The focal mechanisms for the Tolud Earthquake and for its aftershock are consistent with seismic ruptures at a tension fault in the rift zone. Instrumental data were used to estimate the intensity of shaking due to the Tolud Earthquake. We discuss the sequence of events that was a signature of the time-dependent seismic and volcanic activity that took place in the Tolbachik zone in late November 2012 and terminated in the Tolud burst of seismicity. Based on the current ideas of the tectonics and magma sources for the Tolbachik volcanic zone, we discuss possible causes of these earthquakes.

The seismicity that accompanied the Tolbachik Fissure Eruption was recorded by additional seismic stations that were installed in the southern Klyuchevskoi Volcanic Cluster area in January to October 2013. We used broadband (0.033–50 Hz) three-component digital Guralp CMG-6TD seismometers. This temporary network provided seismicity data at a lower energy level than can be done using the regional seismograph network of Kamchatka. The processing of the resulting digital records supplied data for compiling a catalog of over 700 ML=0–3.5 (КS=1.5–8.5) earthquakes, which is an order of magnitude greater than the number of events located by the regional network for the same period of time. The seismicity in the area of Ploskii Tolbachik Volcano was found to concentrate mostly in spatially isolated areas during the eruption. The main isolated clusters of earthquakes were identified both in the eruption area itself and along the periphery of Ploskii Tolbachik Volcano, in the area of the Zimina volcanic massif, and in the Tolud epicenter zone; the eruption zone was not dominant in the seismicity. The region of a shallow seismicity increase beneath Ploskii Tolbachik before the eruption was not found to exhibit any increased activity during the time the temporary seismograph network was operated, which means that a seismicity inversion took place at the beginning of the eruption. We discuss the question of what the earthquake-generating features are that we have identified.