Вулкан Ключевской — один из наиболее активных вулканов мира. В 2020–2021 гг. вершинное эксплозивно-эффузивное извержение вулкана продолжалось 4 мес, затем, после перерыва в 9 дней, на северо-западном склоне вулкана произошёл боковой прорыв, работавший в течение месяца. Вершинное эксплозивное извержение проявлялось преимущественно в стромболианской и изредка в вулканской активности. Эксплозии поднимали пепел до 8 км над уровнем моря, пепловые шлейфы перемещались до 500 км в различных направлениях от вулкана. Эффузивная фаза извержения началась 4 октября 2020 г. и продолжалась до окончания извержения, лавовые потоки двигались по Апахончичскому и Козыревскому вулкано-тектоническим желобам. Перемещение лавовых потоков по Апахончичскому жёлобу часто сопровождалось крупными обвалами тефры с его бортов, пепел при этом поднимался до 9,6 км над уровнем моря. Боковой прорыв представлял собой образование двух трещин на северо-западном склоне вулкана, заполнившихся лавой, и формирование в верхней части западной трещины шлакового конуса. Лавовый поток протянулся на 1,2 км, грязевой поток — на 30 км. Детальное описание хода извержения стало возможным благодаря мониторингу вулкана в реальном времени с помощью различных спутниковых данных в информационной системе «Дистанционный мониторинг активности вулканов Камчатки и Курил» (VolSatView, http://kamchatka.volcanoes.smislab.ru) и видеонаблюдений.

In 2011, the experts of the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology FEB RAS in cooperation with Space Research Institute RAS, Far-Eastern Center of SRC Planeta and Computing Center FEB RAS created the first version of the information system named “Remote Monitoring of Kamchatka and Kuril Islands Volcanic Activity” (IS VolSatView). The system provides experts with access to a variety of information, including long-term archives of remote sensing data needed for remote monitoring of volcanic activity. A number of web interfaces are developed to deal with the data provided by the system. They enable comprehensive data analysis and processing. However working with the system does not require any specialized desktop applications, but only a web browser and Internet connection to use the system. Since the launch of the system, the list of available data, as well as tools for their analysis, has been continuously expanding. By now, there is a lot of experience in daily use of the system by the experts in volcanology and for solving various problems in the studies of volcanoes and volcanic activity. This article describes the current state of the system, including recent developments, such as determination of the height of ash plumes, improvement of the time series analysis tools, implementation of specialized data processing products.

On 14-18 June 2017, three volcanoes of the Kamchatka Northern volcanic group produced eight explosive eruptions: six Sheveluch (two powerful and four moderate eruptions), one continuous ash emissions at Klyuchevskoy and one powerful eruption of Bezymianny. The most complete information about these eruptions was obtained during the analysis of satellite data in the information system “Monitoring of Volcanoes Activity in Kamchatka and the Kuriles" (VolSatView, http://volcanoes.smislab.ru). Thanks to the data from the Himawari-8 satellite, we managed to recover all events happened in the area of the volcanoes: the onset of their explosions and ash falls in nearby villages, the size of the ash clouds, direction of their movement, etc. For example, ash clouds from these eruptions moved more than 4500 km southeast from the volcanoes. Ash deposits covered about 47800 km2 of the territory of Kamchatka. In addition, based on the Himawari-8 satellite data, the animated picture of 14-18 June 2017 explosive events was created illustrating short duration of powerful explosive eruptions and long persistence of ash clouds in the atmosphere that represent a real danger for aerial transport: http://kamchatka.volcanoes.smislab.ru/animation/sample.gif

Сорокин А.А. (4), Королев С.П. (4)

Bezymianny is one of the most active volcanoes in Kamchatka and the world. The intensification of its activity began in December 2016 after four years of silence during 2012–2016. There were three paroxysmal explosive volcanic eruptions in 2017; the paper is devoted to the event on December 20 with ash removal up to 15 km above sea level. We describe the course of the eruption and the results of its analysis, including an animated image of the motion of the ash cloud from the volcano, performed on a series of images of Himawari-8 (http://dvrcpod.planeta.smislab.ru/animation/1513757110.gif), with overlaid on it results of modeling the distribution of this ash cloud (http://dvrcpod.planeta.smislab.ru/animation/1513777733.gif). The eruptive cloud moved northeast of the volcano at an average speed of 100 km/h, the main area covered by ash clouds was about 78 000 km2, including 42 600 km2 on land. Ash clouds after the eruption were recorded in the atmosphere at a distance of 1500–2000 km to the northeast of the volcano until December 22, 2017. In addition to ash deposits, as a result of the eruption, deposits of pyroclastic flows (with run out to 5–6 km from the volcano) and mud streams (about 18 km) were formed in Vostochnaya Valley and Sukhaya Khapitsa River. Satellite monitoring of the volcano and analysis of the eruption data was carried out using information systems VolSatView and Signal.

Вулканы – грандиозные создания Природы, никогда не оставляющие равнодушным человечество. Они существуют на всех планетах Солнечной системы. Возможно, именно благодаря вулканам появилась жизнь на планете Земля. Для одних вулканы – страх и ужас, для других – бесконечный восторг... Изучению вулканов на планете Земля наземными и космическими методами и необходимости ведения таких исследований посвящена эта статья.