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 2015
Portnyagin Maxim, Duggen Svend, Hauff Folkmar, Mironov Nikita, Bindeman Ilya, Thirlwall Matthew, Hoernle Kaj Geochemistry of the late Holocene rocks from the Tolbachik volcanic field, Kamchatka: Quantitative modelling of subduction-related open magmatic systems // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2015. Vol. 307. P. 133 - 155. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.015.
   Аннотация
Abstract We present new major and trace element, high-precision Sr–Nd–Pb (double spike), and O-isotope data for the whole range of rocks from the Holocene Tolbachik volcanic field in the Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD). The Tolbachik rocks range from high-Mg basalts to low-Mg basaltic trachyandesites. The rocks considered in this paper represent mostly Late Holocene eruptions (using tephrochronological dating), including historic ones in 1941, 1975–1976 and 2012–2013. Major compositional features of the Tolbachik volcanic rocks include the prolonged predominance of one erupted magma type, close association of middle-K primitive and high-K evolved rocks, large variations in incompatible element abundances and ratios but narrow range in isotopic composition. We quantify the conditions of the Tolbachik magma origin and evolution and revise previously proposed models. We conclude that all Tolbachik rocks are genetically related by crystal fractionation of medium-K primary magmas with only a small range in trace element and isotope composition. The primary Tolbachik magmas contain ~ 14 wt. of MgO and ~ 4 wt. of {H2O} and originated by partial melting (~ 6) of moderately depleted mantle peridotite with Indian-MORB-type isotopic composition at temperature of ~ 1250 °C and pressure of ~ 2 GPa. The melting of the mantle wedge was triggered by slab-derived hydrous melts formed at ~ 2.8 {GPa} and ~ 725 °C from a mixture of sediments and MORB- and Meiji-type altered oceanic crust. The primary magmas experienced a complex open-system evolution termed Recharge-Evacuation-Fractional Crystallization (REFC). First the original primary magmas underwent open-system crystal fractionation combined with periodic recharge of the magma chamber with more primitive magma, followed by mixing of both magma types, further fractionation and finally eruption. Evolved high-K basalts, which predominate in the Tolbachik field, and basaltic trachyandesites erupted in 2012–2013 approach steady-state {REFC} liquid compositions at different eruption or replenishment rates. Intermediate rocks, including high-K, high-Mg basalts, are formed by mixing of the evolved and primitive magmas. Evolution of Tolbachik magmas is associated with large fractionation between incompatible trace elements (e.g., Rb/Ba, La/Nb, Ba/Th) and is strongly controlled by the relative difference in partitioning between crystal and liquid phases. The Tolbachik volcanic field shows that open-system scenarios provide more plausible and precise descriptions of long-lived arc magmatic systems than simpler, but often geologically unrealistic, closed-system models.
Romanova I.M., Girina O.A., Melekestsev I.V., Maximov A.P. Information system «Volcanoes of the Kurile-Kamchatka Island Arc» / National report for the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 2011–2014. Presented to the XXVI General Assembly of the IUGG. Geoinf. Res. Papers. Moscow: Geophysical center RAS. 2015. Vol. 3. P. 118-119. doi: 10.2205/2015IUGG-RU-IAVCEI.
Senyukov S.L., Nuzhdina I.N., Droznina S.Ya., Garbuzova V.T., Kozhevnikova T.Yu., Sobolevskaya O.V., Nazarova Z.A., Bliznetsov V.E. Reprint of "Seismic monitoring of the Plosky Tolbachik eruption in 2012-2013 (Kamchatka Peninsula Russia)" // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2015. Vol. 307. P. 47 - 59. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.026.
   Аннотация
Abstract The active basaltic volcano Plosky Tolbachik (Pl. Tolbachik) is located in the southern part of the Klyuchevskoy volcano group on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The previous 1975–1976 Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (1975–1976 GTFE) occurred in the southern sector of Pl. Tolbachik. It was preceded by powerful earthquakes with local magnitudes between 2.5 and 4.9 and it was successfully predicted with a short-term forecast. The Kamchatka Branch of Geophysical Survey (KBGS) of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS) began to publish the results of daily seismic monitoring of active Kamchatka volcanoes on the Internet in 2000. Unlike the 1975–1976 {GTFE} precursor, (1) seismicity before the 2012–2013 Tolbachik Fissure Eruption (2012–2013 TFE) was relatively weak and earthquake magnitudes did not exceed 2.5. (2) Precursory earthquake hypocenters at 0–5 km depth were concentrated mainly under the southeastern part of the volcano. (3) The frequency of events gradually increased in September 2012, and rose sharply on the eve of the eruption. (4) According to seismic data, the explosive-effusive 2012–2013 {TFE} began at ~ 05 h 15 min {UTC} on November 27, 2012; the outbreak occurred between the summit of the Pl. Tolbachik and the Northern Breakthrough of the 1975–1976 GTFE. (5) Because of bad weather, early interpretations of the onset time and the character of the eruption were made using seismological data only and were confirmed later by other monitoring methods. The eruption finished in early September 2013. This article presents the data obtained through real-time seismic monitoring and the results of retrospective analysis, with additional comments on the future monitoring of volcanic activity.
Simakin Alexander, Salova Tamara, Devyatova Vera, Zelensky Michael Reduced carbonic fluid and possible nature of high-K magmas of Tolbachik // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2015. Vol. 307. P. 210 - 221. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.10.018.
   Аннотация
Abstract Historical basaltic eruptions of Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka) are of a medium to high potassic type. The potassic character of magmatism can be attributed to the influence of CO2–CO-rich fluid at or near the magma generation depths. Decarbonatization reactions in the mantle under Tolbachik producing a column of the carbonic fluids may be connected with the recent accretion of Kronotsky paleoarc with carbonates dragged under the mantle wedge. With thermodynamic modeling, we show that reduced carbonic fluid at fO2 < {NNO} may be a good carrier of nickel transported in the form of Ni(CO)4. This carbonyl is expected to become thermally stable near the magmatic temperatures at pressures above 1 GPa. In the crust, it is predicted to be thermally stable within the {PT} field of the amphibolite facies. We connect the particles of native Ni and Ag–Pt alloy observed in the volcanic aerosols from the 2012–13 Tolbachik eruption with flushing of the ascending Tolbachik magma with reduced carbonic fluids enriched with {PGE} and Ni. Native metals may form by the thermal decomposition of the carbonyls and other carbon-bearing compounds dissolved in the fluid.
Slezin Yu.B. The Bezymyannyi, Shiveluch, and St. Helens volcanoes: A comparative revision of their catastrophic eruptions during the 20th century // Journal of Volcanology and Seismology. 2015. Vol. 9. № 5. P. 289-294. doi:10.1134/S0742046315050073.
Telling J., Flower V.J.B., Carn S.A. A multi-sensor satellite assessment of SO2 emissions from the 2012–13 eruption of Plosky Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2015. Vol. 307. P. 98 - 106. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.010.
   Аннотация
Abstract Prolonged basaltic effusive eruptions at high latitudes can have significant atmospheric and environmental impacts, but can be challenging to observe in winter conditions. Here, we use multi-sensor satellite data to assess sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from the 2012–2013 eruption of Plosky Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka), which lasted ~ 9–10 months and erupted ~ 0.55 km3 DRE. Observations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to evaluate volcanic activity, SO2 emissions and heat flux associated with the effusion of lava flows. Gaps in the primary OMI SO2 time-series dataset occurred due to instrument limitations and adverse meteorological conditions. Four methods were tested to assess how efficiently they could fill these data gaps and improve estimates of total SO2 emissions. When available, using data from other {SO2} observing instruments was the most comprehensive way to address these data gaps. Satellite measurements yield a total SO2 loading of ~ 200 kt SO2 during the 10-month Plosky Tolbachik eruption, although actual SO2 emissions may have been greater. Based on the satellite SO2 measurements, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) multi-taper method (MTM) was used to analyze cyclical behavior in the complete data series and a 55-day cycle potentially attributable to the eruptive behavior of Plosky Tolbachik during the 2012 – 2013 eruption was identified.
Volynets Anna O., Edwards Benjamin R., Melnikov Dmitry, Yakushev Anton, Griboedova Irina Monitoring of the volcanic rock compositions during the 2012–2013 fissure eruption at Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka // Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 2015. Vol. 307. P. 120 - 132. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.014.
   Аннотация
Abstract Here we present the results from monitoring of the composition of rocks produced during the 2012–2013 fissure eruption at Tolbachik volcano (FTE). Major and trace element concentrations in 75 samples are reported. Products of this eruption are represented by high alumina basaltic trachyandesites with higher alkalis and titanium contents than in all previously studied rocks of the Tolbachik monogenetic volcanic field. Rocks erupted during the first three days (27–30 November) from the northern (also called Menyailov) group of vents are the most silica- and alkali-rich (SiO2 concentrations up to 55.35 wt. and {K2O} up to 2.67 wt.). From December onwards, when the eruptive activity switched from the Menyailov vents to the southern (Naboko) group of vents, silica content dropped by 2 wt., concentrations of MgO, FeO, TiO2 and Mg# increased, and {K2O} and Na2O concentrations and K2O/MgO ratio decreased. For the rest of the eruption the compositions of rocks remained constant and homogeneous; no systematic compositional differences between lava, bombs and scoria samples are evident. Trace element distributions in the rocks of the Menyailov and Naboko vent lavas are relatively uniform; Menyailov lavas have slightly higher Th, Nb, Hf, Y, and {HREE} concentrations than the Naboko vent lavas at more or less constant element ratios. We explain the initial change in geochemistry by tapping of a slightly cooler and fractionated (~ 3 Mt and 8 Cpx) upper part of the magma storage zone before the main storage area began to feed the eruption. Thermodynamic constraints show that apparent liquidus temperatures varied from 1142 °C to 1151 °C, and thermodynamic modeling shows that variations in compositions are consistent with a high degree of low pressure (100–300 MPa), nominally anhydrous fractionation of a parent melt compositionally similar to the 1975 Northern Breakthrough high-Mg basalt. Geochemistry, petrological observations and modeling are in agreement with the newly erupted material being derived from remnant high-Al magma from the 1975–76 Southern Breakthrough eruption with only slight amounts of cooling (less than 1 °C per year) during the intervening 36 years.
Zellmer Georg F., Rubin K., Miller C., Shellnut G., Belousov Alexander, Belousova Marina Resolving discordant U–Th–Ra ages: constraints on petrogenetic processes of recent effusive eruptions at Tatun Volcano Group, northern Taiwan / Chemical, Physical and Temporal Evolution of Magmatic Systems. London: Geological Society, Special Publications. // The Geological Society of London. 2015. Vol. 422. doi: 10.1144/SP422.3.
Аникин Л.П., Блох Ю.И., Бондаренко В.И., Долгаль А.С., Новикова П.Н., Петрова В.В., Пилипенко О.В., Рашидов В.А., Трусов А.А. Комплексные геолого-геофизические исследования подводных вулканов Курильской островной дуги в 2014–2015 гг. // Вулканизм и связанные с ним процессы. Материалы региональной конференции, посвященной Дню вулканолога, 30 марта-01 апреля 2015 г. Петропавловск-Камчатский: ИВиС ДВО РАН. 2015. С. 115-118.
Блох Ю.И., Бондаренко В.И., Долгаль А.С., Новикова П.Н., Рашидов В.А., Трусов А.А. Геофизические исследования подводного вулкана Обручева (Курильская островная дуга) // 42-й сессии Международного научного семинара им. Д.Г. Успенского г. Пермь, 26–30 января 2015 г. Пермь: Горный ин-т УрО РАН, Перм. гос. нац. исслед. ун-т.. 2015. С. 21-23.