An analysis of local seismicity within the Avacha–Koryakskii Volcanic Cluster during the 2000–2016 period revealed a sequence of plane-oriented earthquake clusters that we interpret as a process of dike and sill emplacement. The highest magmatic activity occurred in timing with the 2008–2009 steam–gas eruption of Koryakskii Volcano, with magma injection moving afterwards into the cone of Avacha Volcano (2010–2016). The geometry of the magma bodies reflects the NF geomechanical conditions (tension and normal faults, Sv >SHmax >Shmin ) at the basement of Koryakskii Volcano dominated by vertical stresses Sv, with the maximum horizontal stress SHmax pointing north. A CFRAC simulation of magma injection into a fissure under conditions that are typical of those in the basement of Koryakskii Volcano (the angle of dip is 60о, the size is 2 × 2 km2, and the depth is –4 km abs.) showed that when the magma discharge is maintained at the level of 20000 kg/s during 24 hours the fissure separation increases to reach 0.3 m and the magma injection is accompanied by shear movements that occur at a rate as high as 2 × 10–3 m/s, thus corresponding to the conditions of local seismic events with Mw below 4.5. We are thus able to conclude that the use of planeoriented clusters of earthquakes for identification of magma emplacement events is a physically sound procedure. The August 2, 2011 seismicity increase in the area of the Izotovskii hot spring (7 km from the summit of Koryakskii Volcano), which is interpreted as the emplacement of a dike, has been confirmed by an increase in the spring temperature by 10–12°С during the period from October 2011 to July 2012.

A conceptual model of the thermal and water recharge of the Ketkinsky geothermal field as a product of magma and water injection from the Koryaksky volcano located 24 km apart was proposed. A digital hydrogeological model of the Ketkinsky geothermal field was developed in the volume of 7 km x 5 km x 2.5 km (from the topographic surface), it includes the space drilled by exploration and production wells. The model is based on an analysis of 3D distributions of temperature, pressure, salinity and CH4 content, geometrization of productive faults and well productivity characteristics. The geofiltration space was zoned in the model with separation of
deep and shallow productive geothermal reservoirs, the area of deep thermal fluid upflow in the SSE part of the model base and the area of hidden thermal water discharge at the ground surface.
A natural state inversion iTOUGH2-EWASG simulation was performed to estimate the deep thermal water upflow and permeability of productive geothermal reservoirs. The deep thermal water upflow is estimated to be about 10 kg/s, the permeability is estimated to be 190 mD (shallow productive reservoir) and 35 mD (deep productive reservoir). Inverse iTOUGH2-EWASG modeling of the hydrodynamic operating history of 1989–2020 was used to estimate the compressibility of the productive geothermal reservoirs: the compressibility of the deep reservoir is estimated at 7.16E-10 Pa???? 1, the shallow reservoir at 4.14E-07 Pa???? 1. Direct iTOUGH2-EWASG modeling with the above parameters reproduces the history of salinity and temperature changes in production wells.
Forecast modeling of existing producing wells #23, K6, K01, K5 operation for 25 years with application of submersible pumps at immersion depth of 70 m confirms the possibility of their sustainable operation with total flow rate not less than 14.2 kg/s, adding four producing wells may yield to 54.3 kg/s with retaining of produced water quality (temperature, gas content of CH4, salinity).
The use of submersible pumps and reinjection can significantly increase the reserves of Ketkinsky field to 165–175 kg/s of 70–80 ◦C and 60–70 g/s of CH4. Additional increase in reserves may be obtained by drilling the already known thermal anomaly in the SSE sector of the field and in the SWW foothills of Koryaksky volcano.

Mutnovsky geothermal area in Kamchatka, Russia where 62 MWe GeoPP installed - is a source of geothermal electricity supply, as well as a hazard volcanic area. We used local seismicity micro-earthquakes (MEQ’s) data from 2009 to 2021 to define seismogenic faults beneath and adjacent to Mutnovsky volcano, which interpreted as magma injections in form of dykes and sills. Magma fracking beneath Mutnovsky volcano pointed on shear mode low angle dykes in northeast sector and opening mode geomechanical conditions at -3000 m, where sills in area of 62 km2 are suggested to be formed. Low angle dykes injections were reproduced by hydromechanical simulation using CFRAC, modeling results matches with MEQ’s statistics observed.
Mutnovsky GeoPP steam collection system shows sensitivity to non-condensable gasses (NCG) content (partial gas pressure) variations (2019—2020), that is used as indicator of magmatic gasses recharge via magma fracking volcano system to production geothermal reservoir. Partial gas pressure measured at GeoPP condenser unit. Magma injections associated with NCG (CO2) release in production reservoirs seems to be synchronize with partial NCG pressure excursions at GeoPP condenser. Some signs of magma fracking events were also revealed using discreet observations (2016–2021) on a blowing wells on a foothills of Mutnovsky volcano. Magma fracking beneath Mutnovsky volcano is associate with small and medium hydrothermal explosions and landslide (2009–2021). Magma fracking distributions pointed on a new potentially production geothermal reservoir beneath northeast foothills of Mutnovsky volcano (depth range from -4000 to -2000 m, accessible area of 30 km2).

An account is given of magnetostratigraphic studies of Kamchatkan Holocene formations: the cover of soil and pyroclastics and the rocks of the cinder cones from the flank eruptions of Klyuchevskoi Volcano. А study was made of seven sections of the soil and pyroclastics and of samples from 17 cinder cones. А detailed account is given of the data processing procedure. Consideration is given to the reasons for the established incompleteness of the paleomagnetic record in the sections and it is demonstrated that adequately detailed reconstruction of the history of the geomagnetic 1ield is possible only provided that а study is made of а series of рагаllеl sections. The trajесtory of the geomagnetic field vector over the last 4000 years is determined on the basis of the material on radiocarbon datings. Seven cycles of paleosecular variations are distinguished in the age range investigated; each of these cycles has individual features by which they can be recognised and used for stratigraphic correlation. The, features taken were the direction of rotation of the vector, the shape and size of its loops, and the length of the cycles. Correlation of the sections based on paleomagnetic data was found to be in good agreement with the tephrostratigraphic correlation and enabled corrections to be made to the age of some horizons, including the archeological layers of the primitive settlement at Zhupanovo and the cinder cones. The metachronous magnetization present in some tephra layers was found to be an obstacle to any improvement in the accuracy and detail of magnetochronological reconstructions.

Выделено пять стадий эволюции четвертичного Кекукнайского вулканического массива (западный фланг Срединного хребта Камчатки): 1) докальдерная трахибазальтовая-андезибазальтовая, 2) экструзивная трахиандезит-трахидацитовая, 3) ранняя трахибазальтовая, 4) средняя гавайит-муджиеритовая (с единичными проявлениями андезибазальтов) и 5) поздняя трахибазальт-гавайит-муджиеритовая (с единичными проявлениями андезитов) - ареального вулканизма. По петрологическим данным среди пород массива выделены островодужный и внутриплитный геохимические типы. Ведущую роль в пет-рогенезисе играла динамика флюидной фазы при подчиненной роли процессов фракционной кристаллизации и гибридизма. Последовательное насыщение пород флюидной фазой в ходе эволюции расплавов было прервано в период кальдерообразования, когда осуществилась экстракция большей части флюидомобильных элементов и кремнезема. Геологические и петрологические материалы свидетельствуют о том, что формирование массива произошло в обстановке задугового вулканического бассейна в условиях начавшегося рифтогенеза, при активном участии компонентов мантийного плюма.

Кекукнайский массив сформировался в результате тектоно-магматической деятельности, выразившейся образованием щитообразного вулкана, кальдерной депрессии с сопутствующим внедрением экструзий, и завершившейся интенсивным посткальдерным ареальным вулканизмом. Проведено детальное рассмотрение особенностей минералогического состава пород массива. Использование уже имеющихся и дополнительно выявленных индикаторных возможностей породообразующих минералов позволило восстановить общую картину эволюции магматических расплавов и условия кристаллизации пород (различная флюидонасыщенность-обводненность и окисленность системы). Существенно островодужные или внутриплитные характеристики в составе пород массива проявлены на разных стадиях развития единой флюидно-магматической системы. Декомпрессионная эволюция материнской глубинной базанитовой магмы была реализована появлением в промежуточных очагах дочерних магм трахибазальтового (докальдерный этап развития системы) или гавайитового (ареальный вулканизм) состава. Дальнейшая эманационно-магматическая дифференциация этих расплавов в сочетании с кристаллизационной дифференциации в условиях меняющейся P-T-f02 обстановки и привела к образованию всего многообразия пород Кекукнайского массива.

Oil shows from the thermal springs of the Uzon volcano caldera have been studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. Based on the composition and distribution of biomarker molecules, their genetic identity with the organic matter of Pliocene–Quaternary deposits has been established. It has been shown that the Uzon caldera is a unique natural laboratory of the present-day oil formation from the organic matter of Pliocene–Quaternary sediments. It has been stated that attempts to consider the compounds forming these oil shows as a product of hydrothermal abiogenic synthesis are absolutely unfounded.

Abstract—We discuss the water!level variations in the E!1 well for the time period between May 2006 and
2010, inclusive. A trend towards an increasing level at an abnormally high rate occurred from mid!2006 to
December 2009. This increase is regarded as the response of the aquifer of gas!saturated ground water that
exists in the volcanogenic–sedimentary deposits of the Avacha volcano!tectonic depression to volumetric
strain changes during the precursory period and the occurrence of a swarm of small earthquakes ( = 8.3)
in the area of Koryakskii Volcano and to its phreatic eruption. We estimated the volumetric compression as
Δε = –(4.1 × 10–6–1.5 × 10–5) from the amplitude of water!level rise using the elastic parameters of the wa!
ter!saturated rocks. While the strain source was active, we observed a decreasing sensitivity of the hydrologic
regime in the well to the precursory processes before large (M ≥ 5.0) tectonic earthquakes.